Sources of Finance for Business: Pros and Cons

Sources of Finance for Business: Pros and Cons Sources of Finance Finance is essential for a business’s, development and expansion. Finance is the core factor for most businesses and therefore it is crucial for businesses tomanage and maintain their financial resources better. Finance is available to a business from avariety of sources both internal and external. It is also crucial for businesses to choose the most appropriate source of finance for its several needs as different sources have its own benefits and costs. Sources of finance can be classified based on a number of factors and the can be classified as Internal and External, Short-term and Long-term. Identify the sources of finance available to a business Working capital   owners finding that are invested into business from the beginning to finance  operation. Liability will be created in shape of capital. Advantages Since it is an internal source offinance there are no costs involved and no repayment is needed. Disadvantages Opportunity costs are involved. Is not suitable forlong term investments. Working capital cannot raise large amounts of funds. Total risk is undertaken by the company. Using working capital as a source offinance will affect the current ratio of the business. Bank Overdraft   occurs when money is withdrawn from the bank account and the available  balance goes below zero. There are different bank charges which are  depending on the agreement. Advantages This is a good way to cover the period between money going out of and coming into a business. If used in the short-term it is usually cheaper than a bank loan. Disadvantages Interest is repayable on the amount overdrawn Can be expensive if used over a longer period of time. Mortgage this is a loan secured on property repaid in instalments over a long time around  25 years. The business will own the property once the final payment has been  made. This is a long-term source of finance. Advantages Business has the use of the property. Payments are spread over a period of time which is good for budgeting. Once all repayments are made the business will own the asset. Disadvantages This is an expensive method compared to buying with cash. If business does not keep up with repayments the property could be repossessed. Bank loan   This is a fixed amount for a fixed short time with fixed repayment. The interest  on this loan can be expensive. Advantages Set repayments are spread over a period of time which is good for budgeting. Disadvantages Can be expensive due to interest payments. Bank may require security on the loan. Hire purchase occurs when buyer is paying for things or items in fixed instalments while  using the item. Advantages Businesses can have the use of up to date equipment immediately Payments are spread over a period of time which is good for budgeting Once all repayments are made the business will own the asset. Disadvantages This is an expensive method compared to buying with cash. Trade Credit it is a system that allows buying something now and paying letter. For many  business trade credit it is essential for business to growth. Advantages Business can sell the goods first and pay for them later Good for cash flow No interest charged if money is paid within agreed time. Disadvantages Discount given for cash payment would be lost Businesses need to carefully manage their cash flow to ensure they will have money available when the debt is due to be paid. Government Grants – this organisations offer grants to businesses, both established and  new and normally there are some conditions apply. Advantages Don’t have to be repaid. Disadvantages Certain conditions may apply Not all businesses may be eligible for a grant. Factoring   is a financial transaction that occurs whereby a business sells its accounts  receivable to a third part at a discount. Advantages A large proportion of money isreceived within a short time-frame. The sales ledger of the business can be outsourced to the factor. The money collections from debtors are undertaken by the factoring company. Helps a business tohave a smooth cash flow operation. Non-recourse factoring protects the client company from bad debts. Disadvantages The business has to pay interests and fees for the factor for its services. The cost will be areduction on the company’s profit margin. Analyse the costs of different sources of finance Working capital Tangible cost: They do not have any costs as it owner money that will be invested to start a business. Opportunity costs: Could have borrowed extra if the working capital is not enough from relatives, friend. Tax effects: This can be repay when the profit will rise. Bank Overdraft Tangible cost: Interest is a little higher than forbank loans and interest is calculated on a daily basis. This is short term and quick source of finance which is not pay on time extra and large interest charges will apply. Opportunity costs: Could have borrowed from relatives or friend to avoid extra charges or to feel into debts. Tax effects: It can be deducted when the business is increasing asset. Mortgage Tangible cost: Interest rates apply as agreed in monthly instalments over a long time usually for 25 years. Opportunity costs: Could have borrowed from family to avoid the interest fees. Tax effects: The property will be possessed by the organisation if monthly payments are not meet. Bank loan Tangible cost: Interest to be paid on the sum borrowed at agreed rate. Interest is usually fixed forshort term loans, and long-term loans usually have a variable rate of interest. Interest rates are lower than for bank overdrafts. Opportunity costs: Could have borrowed cheaply from relatives or friends. Tax effects: Interest is tax deductible from profit before we arrive at profit figure for tax purpose. Hire purchase Tangible cost: The business ends up paying more than the original value of the asset for its purchase and the interest has been paid in equal instalments. Opportunity costs: Tax effects: Interest charges can be offset against profits for taxation. Trade Credit Tangible cost: If paid on time there is no financial cost involved, however if not paid on time the interest will apply automatically. Opportunity costs: Working capital and friends. Tax effects: own possession of goods can be removed by the debt organisation or sale or rent to cover the interest cost. Government Grants Tangible cost: Government grants are free and have nofinancial costs. Opportunity costs: Could have borrowed from relatives or friend as there are no legal agreements involved. Tax effects: No financial costs are involved. Factoring Tangible cost: The business must pay interests and fees for the factor for its services the interest is calculated on a dailybasis, credit management and administrative fee are also chargedand ranges. Opportunity costs: Working Capital will be a better alternative or relatives and friends. Tax effects: The business must pay interests and fees for the factor for its services and the cost will be areduction on the company’s profit margin. Evaluate appropriate sources of finance for a business project There are several sources of finance available to a business on the market. Finances are needed for many and different purposes need sources offinance which are most suitable. When choosing a most appropriate source of finance some conditions have to be considered. The conditions that need tobe considered when choosing an appropriate source of finance are: The amount of money needed The urgency of funds The cost of source of finance The risk involved The duration of finance The gearing ratio of thebusiness The control of the business Project Hair and Beauty Business Project â€Å"Inspiration† aims are to be the first beauty salon in the local area which will deliver unique and quality service by offering high standard beauty products which will quickly gain market share. â€Å"Inspiration† will provide customers with a relaxing and comforting atmosphere which will help them to enjoy the service provided to gained high reputation. Building   Mortgage long term which will be payable for 25 years. Personnel Bank Loan short time with fixed repayment 3-5 years. Furniture and stationary etc. Working Capital owners finding that are invested into business. Brochures   Overdraft short-term it is usually cheaper than a bank loan. Advertisement   Bank Loan Set repayments, spread over a period of time, interest high. Others   Relatives or friends. These loans will be paid from the cash flow from the business and will be collateralized by the assets of the company on short-term or long-term agreements with the lenders.

Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary psychologists view human behavior and psychological traits as a result of evolutionary adaptation in response to reproductive needs – much like the concept of natural selection applied to reproduction, or sexual selection. Drawing from this perspective, evolutionary psychologists and professionals seek to explain the differences between male and female dating and mating rituals and sexual attitudes and how they have evolved throughout the centuries.For example, researchers employ the evolutionary perspective to discuss the differences in male and female promiscuity, aggressiveness, dominance, dating patterns, and the development of sexual attitudes – differences which seem to become less apparent in modern times than the more traditional sexual values expressed throughout history. Evolutionary psychologists would propose that differences between male and female promiscuity are a result of the evolving need to ensure reproduction.While traditional female sex ual attitudes and values are evolving and females are increasingly becoming more comfortable in expressing sexual aggression or dominance in modern times, these traditional differences may be explained from the standpoint of adaptation to reproductive demands as well. Women are more limited in reproductive opportunity than men, having a limited number of eggs and a limited amount of time in which to reproduce optimally, while men have a much more unlimited reproductive opportunity with hundreds of thousands of available sperm and a many more reproductively-viable years than women.Evolutionary psychologists would propose that the differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors among men and women are directly attributable to these reproductive differences as evidenced by the innate desire of men for sexual promiscuity, as compared to the highly selective manner of reproductive behavior among women.While the evolution of social attitudes towards female sexuality has produced an acceptan ce of evolving sexual behavior among women, evolutionary professionals propose that the innate differences between men and women with regard to parenting style, romantic behavior, preferences in sexual partners, and the extent to which looks and personality play a role in mating selection, are a result of evolutionary adaptations.Evolutionary psychology would propose that male and female sexual behavior is centered on the innate need to optimize reproductive opportunity – men being visually stimulated and aggressive in order to ensure a fertile mate and reproductive opportunity, while women express nurturance and attraction towards partners who can provide, ensuring survival of the family unit. These sexual and mating differences, according to evolutionary psychology, ensure the passing on of ones’ genes.

The Power Of Yoga And Yoga Essay - 964 Words

Briana Jauregui Professor Hodge English 475 8 December 2014 The Power of Yoga Are you feeling stressed, worried, unrelaxed, looking to free your mind, or increase your flexibility? That’s where you might look into yoga. Not just yoga but the different distinct types of yoga because depending on what you want to achieve you have to take the right class. Yoga is a Hindu spiritual and an ascetic discipline to help you with specific body health. The word Yoga comes from Sanskrit an ancient indian language. And yoga meaning union. Yoga is said to be for good purpose of bringing together the mind, body, and spirit. Freeing your mind of worries and the junk that we keep trapped can prevent damaging us physically and mentally. That’s where Yoga comes to place. In order to live freely we have to free our mind to continue the journey of new life beginnings. As human beings we go through a lot, think a lot, and do a lot, but we never take the time to think about ourselves and the personal damage we are doing to our mind. Wi th the ability of doing yoga you can clear out the mental garbage and develop new ways of thinking. But it also starts off with you putting the effort to make that change in thinking differently and being more open minded. Allowing yourself to be in control of your feelings, helps you be in control of your life. The many effects of yoga can help you avoid being overwhelmed by your emotions or by another’s. Since our mind creates phobias we tend to letShow MoreRelatedTransform Your Life With Yoga And Meditation1403 Words   |  6 PagesTransform Your Life with Yoga And Meditation! MariaJohnson By MariaJohnson May 2, 2013 Yoga and meditation have been a crucial part of history. If you think yoga is about twisting and bending your body, then it s time to see it in a new light. 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Mythology Short Answers Essay - 680 Words

1). How is the word myth used popularly? For example, what does the statement, â€Å"It’s a myth† mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The academic definition of a myth† is discovering a way of making meaning that has been part of every human society.† I believe myths are stories that are told from generation to generation. Depending on our culture, religion, beliefs and so on would determine the moral meaning behind the story. Some myths are legends. For example,† the cross of Jesus† is determined to be a legend and a myth. Depending on how the story is interpreted by the person listening to it. Myth†¦show more content†¦Religion is what people believe in, their faith, like a since of hope. In today’s society some religions have become myths so the start of newer religions may form. The very basic aspects of the world around us that myths explains are the course of day and night or seasons, the mysteries of life and death, and the creation of the world. In the African American culture we believe when a loved one has passed on we should celebrate their life. Celebrating their life means they are no longer in pain or suffering they are going home to the Almighty and we should be happy for them. Dealing with change, suffering, and loss is really about the same we pray to the man above and hope we can get through it. In our culture we rely a lot on hope. 4). How would you defend mythology’s relevance in contemporary culture? Think about familial and cultural traditions. Also, consider how mythology is used in the arts and in advertising to typify human experience. Mythology has to put forth a comprehensive compelling force on the culture, the arts and the literature of African American culture remains part of the African heritage and language. Poets and artists from segregation times to the present have to obtain inspiration from African Mythology and African Folktales have discovered contemporary significance and connected to the matter at hand in these mythological themes. Long before theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Foundation of Mythology Short Answers717 Words   |  3 PagesFoundation of Mythology Short Answers Philip Calio Hum 105 5/22/2013 Elisabeth Nicholes Foundation of Mythology Short Answers â€Å"It’s a Myth.† A term commonly used today but what does it mean? It is a term used to describe the questions humans cannot answer such as the explanation of the meaning of the universe or why we are here. Myths reflect human nature, with its needs and desires, hopes and fears (Rosenberg, 2006). 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Is there purpose in human existence?, and many others have caused enough trouble in humanity’s short existence on the earth to cause a near identity crisis. However, all of these questions fall under the shadow of the main question that has been asked since the creation of Adam- â€Å"What exactly is the real relationship and purpose of humanity towards

The Intersection Of Race And Sex - 1329 Words

Intersectionality is defined by social categories, such as race and gender that have interconnected to apply to individuals and groups, causing an overlap, which has consequently created a system of discrimination and disadvantages (English Oxford Living Dictionary, 2016). Kimberle Crenshaw coined the term in her article ‘Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Anti-racist Politics’ (1889) whereby her main focus is on the intersection of race and sex. Crenshaw refers to intersectionality as a ‘crossroad to describe how multiple oppressions are experienced. In her article she examines intersectionality through how the court interpret black women’s stories. She uses the case DeGrafffenreid V General Motors, whereby five black women (the Plaintiffs) accused the employers of discriminating against black women, as they lost their jobs after 1970 due to a ‘seniority based layoff’ during recession. Nevertheless, the judge rejected the plaintiffs’ claim, as the court states that they would of helped if it was an action for race or sex, â€Å"but not a combination of both† (Crenshaw, 1989, p.141). The example Crenshaw give s, identifies how multiple oppressions are experienced within intersectionality. In October 2016 Crenshaw gave an empowering speech on how the media only covers black male discrimination by the state, yet there are no stories about how black women are discriminated by the state,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Demarginalizing The Intersection Of Race And Sex849 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics,† I would like to start my critical review essay by mentioning the Black feminist studies book entitled â€Å"All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave.† Having this idea of problematic predisposition to treat race and gender as mutually exclusive entities in mind, I would like to review Angela Davis’s book entitled â€Å"Women, Race, and Class†Read MoreThe Intersection Of Race And Sex : A Concept Analysis2874 Words   |  12 Pagesgained widespread use yet. A formal concept analysis will be conducted to better understand intersectionality and its place in nursing. The term intersectionality is widely credited to Kimberly Crenshaw’s 1989 article â€Å"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimation doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics†. A black feminist lawyer, Crenshaw utilized the term as a metaphor to describe the experience of black women who may be oppressed as blacksRead MoreA Research Study On The Lgbt Homeless Youth Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesII. Intersectionality LGBT youth of color begin to experience several intersections when their identities start to form. These Intersections are built off of colonialist ideology (Herring 173). This ideology hindered the sexual freedom of non-heteronormative sexualities in colonial periods. Thus, when colonialism ended, forms of social practice continues to linger in these areas (Ibid). In the chapter, â€Å"Intersections of Race, Gender, and Sexuality: Queer of Color Critique,† the author expressesRead MoreIts A Patriarchal World Analysis1550 Words   |  7 Pagesreality. It is important to note the privilege of not only men, but to also include an intersectional approach. Class, race, region, religion, and socioeconomic status can, and in most cases will, impact the level of education a person may attain; Intersections may also deny people of education, and impact the type of career one can achieve. When acknowledging the intersection of discrimination in education, it is crucial to examine certain lenses. Globally, everyone witnesses education on differentRead MoreFeminism And The Second Wave Feminist Movement1473 Words   |  6 Pageseffects cannot be isolated. The nuanced aspects of intersectionality penetrate every aspect of society. It is important look the way that intersectional and feminist thought have been used to examine oppression and privilege in society. The intersection of race and gender has provoked a lot discussion, especially in the latter part of the twentieth century. The nature of feminism in the era made it difficult for women of colour to find a fitting place to benefit from the social advances being madeRead MoreMisconceptions of Muslim Women810 Words   |  3 Pageswomen are often depicted as being only Arab, figures of oppression, and being poles apart with everyone. Popular media fails to recognize the diversity in this group in terms of race, ethnicity, nationality, cultural norms, gender role, education attainment level, occupation and upbringing. I believe that the intersection of social inequalities in these identifying components has rendered Muslim women invisible in society. 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However, rather than seeing the way in which Hurston deals with thi s intersection, the author Richard Wright claims, â€Å"The sensory sweep of her novel carries no theme, no message, no thought. In the main, her novel is not addressed to the Negro, but to a white audience whose chauvinistic tastes she knows how to satisfy.† While Wright is correct in suggesting that Hurston’s focus is not on race, but ratherRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1838 Words   |  8 PagesThe themes of sex, power and violence intersect throughout Toni Morrison’s novel ‘The Bluest Eye’ within a number of narrative scenes. The example Pauline uses is a recount of her more loving relationship with Cholly, where sex, power and violence are intersected as Cholly’s orgasm coming before hers gives her ‘a power’ of feeling ‘strong’, ‘pretty’ and ‘young’ . However, there are also contradictory intersections of the themes in the novel, such as the intersection of sex, power and vi olence withinRead MoreThe Federal Aviation Administration Is The Governing Force Of Aviation Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Discrimination is the process of excluding a person based on a multitude of factors not limited to just age, sex or ethnicity. Just about 200 years ago, in 1808, The Congress banned the importation of slaves from Africa and they were given voting rights in 1870 with the Fifteenth Amendment [1]. Less than 100 years ago, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave women the right to vote in 1920 [2]. Even more recently, the Age Discrimination Act was introduced in 1967 by the Department

Management Information Systems Assignment Report Free Essays

115. 107 Management Information Systems Assignment Report Contents Part 1 – ER Diagram2 Part 2 – Tables and Keys3 Part 3 – Queries4 Part 4: Spreadsheet filters and pivot tables7 List of Figures Figure 1 – ER diagram for event management system of hotel2 Figure 2 – Query 1 QBE for staff allocation4 Figure 3 – Query 1 output for staff allocation4 Figure 4 – Query 2 QBE for scheduled events beginning of October5 Figure 5 – Query 2 output for scheduled events beginning of October5 Figure 6 – Query 2 database report for scheduled events beginning of October6 Figure 7 – Query 3 QBE for total number of registered participants6 Figure 8 – Query 3 output for total number of registered participants7 Figure 9 – Spreadsheet data with no filers or conditional formatting applied7 Figure 10 – Spreadsheet with the â€Å"show only events commencing after 15th October filter applied7 Figure 11 – Spreadsheet with the ‘show only events commencing after 1st November as underlined’ conditional formatting applied8 Figure 12 – Pivot table8 Figure 13 – Pivot table as a bar chart8 List of Tables Table 1 – Attributes for ER diagram for event management system of hotel2 Table 2 – Attributes for ER diagram for event management system of hotel3 Part 1 – ER Diagram StaffMember Venue Event Registration Attendee Reserved for Manages Accept Makes Applies to 1.. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Information Systems Assignment Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now * 1.. * 1 1 1 0.. * 0.. * 0.. * 0.. * Payment Accept 0.. * 0.. * 1 Gains entry Client System Presents 0.. * Record Details 1 0.. * Inputs 1.. * 1.. * Figure [ 1 ] – ER diagram for event management system of hotel Table [ 1 ] – Attributes for ER diagram for event management system of hotel Entity Type| Attributes| Key attribute| Venue| venueID, venueCapacity, venueDescription| venueID| Event| eventID, eventName, eventType, startDate, endDate, startTime, endTime, availableSpaces, eventFee| eventide| StaffMember| staffID, firstName, lastName, jobTitle | staffID| Registration | registrationID, registrationDate, eventID | registrationID| Attendee| attendeeID, firstName, lastName, title, companyName, contactAddress, phoneNo | attendeeID| Payment| paymentAmount, paymentDate, paymentType, paymentCredit, creditcardID, creditcardName, creditcardExpiry| paymentID| Client| clientName, companyName, contactAddress, contactPhone, clientIndustry, clientNeeds| clientID| System| systemClient, systemAttendee, systemVenues, systemInvoice, | systemID| Part 2 – Tables and Keys Table [ 2 ] – Attributes for ER diagram for event management system of hotel Table| Column| Primary Key| Comments| VenueTbl| venueID, venueCapacity, venueDescription| venueID| | EventTbl| eventID, eventName, eventType, startDate, endDate, startTime, endTime, availableSpaces, eventFee, staffID| eventID| staffID is a foreign key into StaffMemberTbl. | StaffMemberTbl| staffID, firstName, lastName, jobTitle | staffID| | RegistrationTbl| registrationID, registrationDate ,eventID, attendeeID| registrationID| eventID is a foreign key into EventTbl while attendeeID is a foreign key into AttendeeTbl| AttendeeTbl| attendeeID, firstName, lastName, title, companyName, contactAddress, phoneNo, eventID, registrationID| attendeeID| RegistrationID is a foreign key into RegistrationTbl while event ID is a foreign key into EventTbl. ReservedforTbl| eventID, venueID, attendeeID, | reserveID| eventID is a foreign key into EventTbl while attendeeID is a foreign key into AttendeeTbl| Part 3 – Queries Query 1 -StaffAllocation Figure [ 2 ] – Query 1 QBE for staff allocation Figure [ 3 ] – Query 1 ou tput for staff allocation Query 2 – YearEndSchedule Figure [ 4 ] – Query 2 QBE for scheduled events beginning of October Figure [ 5 ] – Query 2 output for scheduled events beginning of October **For unknown reasons, event 9, 16 17 is not listed in the search result even when the date falls within the range as set out in the criteria. I have attempted to modify the criteria selection to cover between the date range of 30/09/2011 – 01/01/2050 etc but it has still failed to come up. Query 2 – Year End Report Figure [ 6 ] – Query 2 database report for scheduled events beginning of October Query 3 – Registration Numbers Figure [ 7 ] – Query 3 QBE for total number of registered participants Figure [ 8 ] – Query 3 output for total number of registered participants Part 4: Spreadsheet filters and pivot tables Figure [ 9 ] – Spreadsheet data with no filTers or conditional formatting applied Figure [ 10 ] – Spreadsheet with the show only events commencing after 15th October filter applied Figure [ 11 ] – Spreadsheet with the ‘show only events commencing after 1st November as underlined’ conditional formatting applied Figure [ 12 ] – Pivot table Figure [ 13 ] – Pivot table as a bar chart How to cite Management Information Systems Assignment Report, Papers

Hemagglutination Assay Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Virology Hemagglutination Assay. Answer: Introduction The hemagglutination (HA) assay is a simple and quantitative technique of culturing influenza virus based on their ability to attach to molecules present on the red blood cells. In case of research related to the avian influenza virus, the tool is used for screening of the cell culture extracted from the emryonating chicken eggs with type A influenza (1). The surface of the Influenza A virus consist of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase protein (NA) (2). The hemagglutinin protein present on the Influenza A virus has the potential to bind with N-acetylneuraminic acid, which contains the proteins, found on the avian and mammalian erythrocytes. In case of high concentration of the Influenza virus, combination of the protein leads to an agglutination reaction. This causes both the erythrocytes to link together and consequently form a diffused lattice. Agglutination may be caused by other viruses too, such as paramyxovirus, adenovirus and bacteria with hemaggutinating property (1). Ther efore, HA cannot be regarded as an identification assay, hemagglutination inhibition assay is to necessary to identify the type of virus present in mammalian cells. Discussion From the analysis of the results obtained from HA assay, it can be said that it is an easy and sensitive technique that gives direct results within 30 minutes. Expected outcome was possible because every steps in the experiment was done accurately performed. However, slight difference in reading was seen due to the temperature of the laboratory, equipments used, technical expertise of the experimenter and the quality of chicken erythrocytes obtained (3). The HA assay may not be efficient in detecting viable virus, however live and inactivated viruses are readily detected from this technique. The HA assay also has the potential to detect non-infectious virus particles and inactivated or degraded viral particles. During the experiment, it was found that erythrocytes did not settle in control wells even after 20-30 minutes. This might have occulted due to poor quality of hemolysed erthyrocyte suspension or incorrect pH of PBS or contamination of the well with viral antigen. This could have been avoided by performing all the steps in a Class II biological safety cabinet to prevent contamination. Secondly, aerosol resistant tips and use of asecptic technique while taking the aliquot from the virus containing tube might reduce the problem during the experiment. Other safe and accurate technique is that HA assay plate should be read only when the erythrocytes present in the control well have settled down well. However, plates should not be kept for longer time before reading and reading should be taken as far as possible. The neuraminidase protein found on the surface of the Influenza virus can break virus bond cells and facilitate breaking apart the lattice formed by the virus and erythrocytes. In some viral strains, there might be very high neuraminidase activity, which might hamper proper haemagglutination process (4). Conclusion The report summarized the efficacy of HA assay in detecting type of virus in culture cells. The subtype of virus is identified on the basis of agglutination reaction when erythrocytes combine to form a lattice. As other virus and bacteria might also have hemagglutinating properties, the type of virus is confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition assay. The discussion related to experiment revealed that following accurate and aseptic technique is important to avoid error in reading and misinterpretation of the study results. Reference Killian ML. Hemagglutination assay for the avian influenza virus. Avian Influenza Virus. 2008:47-52. Influenza Type A Viruses | Avian Influenza (Flu) [Internet]. Cdc.gov. 2017 [cited 3 May 2017]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/influenza-a-virus-subtypes.htm Truelove S, Zhu H, Lessler J, Riley S, Read JM, Wang S, Kwok KO, Guan Y, Jiang CQ, Cummings DA. A comparison of hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization assays for characterizing immunity to seasonal influenza A. Influenza and other respiratory viruses. 2016 Nov 1;10(6):518-24. Monto AS, Petrie JG, Cross RT, Johnson E, Liu M, Zhong W, Levine M, Katz JM, Ohmit SE. Antibody to influenza virus neuraminidase: an independent correlate of protection. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2015 Apr 8:jiv195.