YOY Percentage Change in Key U.S. Economic Indicators

U.S. Economic Performance Measures 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Real GDP Growth (average annual) 3.10% 2.66% 1.91% -0.34% -3.49% 3.03% Personal Consumption Expenditures 3.34% 2.85% 2.30% -0.55% -1.89% 2.03% Gross Private Domestic Investment 5.54% 2.74% -3.24% -10.17% -25.03% 17.93% Net Exports of Goods Services -5.06% -0.93% 11.05% 23.74% 27.49% -17.56% Government Consumption Expenditures 0.33% 1.36% 1.34% 2.60% 1.69% 0.68% Standard CPI (average annual) 3.39% 3.24% 2.85% 3.85% -0.34% 1.64% Unemployment Rate (average annual) 5.10% 4.60% 4.60% 5.80% 9.30% 9.60% 10 Year Treasury Rate (average annual) 4.29% 4.79% 4.63% 3.67% 3.26% 3.21% *Sources:   Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Commerce/BEAAdvertising We will write a custom term paper sample on YOY Percentage Change in Key U.S. Economic Indicators specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The four major macroeconomic themes that stand out and that have affec ted the profitability of the commercial banking industry since 2007 are: The level of real national income (GDP) A country’s gross domestic product, or GDP, is the price tag placed the economic products produced in any given year. It is measured by adding (personal consumption expenditure, gross private domestic investment, net exports of goods and services and government consumption) minus the imports† (Wolfe,2012, par.1). A â€Å"real† Gross Domestic Product considers inflation and the measure of the value of the goods and services using their prices from the previous year. A country’s real national income and rates of interest can be connected to the effect that change in income has on the interest rates (Wolfe par. 3) Real national income decreased from 2007 to 2009. This could have a negative effect on the commercial banking industry in the following ways: Reduced real GDP can result in reduction of the rates of interests on loans. This is because red uction in GDP can mean the economy is in a recession, therefore less investors will be spending their money and hence there is less demand for funds. As a result, the banks are likely to reduce the lending rates therefore reducing its profits. Reduced GDP can also mean that the government will reduce benefits such as subsidies therefore discouraging investments the more.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The real national income increased from 2009 to 2010. This could have a positive effect on the commercial banking industry in the following way: Increase in real GDP or national income can cause interest rates to rise. This is because the economy is performing well (booming) and therefore more people will be investing. Investors take advantage of the booming economy by establishing monetary, educational and administrative institutions and facilities. In order to finance s uch projects, they will have to obtain funds. Mostly, the funding is in form of loans and mortgages from banks. This demand for loans will force the banks to increase the lending rates resulting in increased profits. Unemployment rate It is the percentage of the workforce that is registered as unemployed. The unemployment rate increased from 2007 to 2010. This could have been caused by recession among other factors. Unemployment reduces the level of investments because investors feel that the market lacks sufficient money to buy their commodities. When investors are discouraged from investing, the demand for funding reduces. In addition, the unemployed persons tend to spend and consume less (Kibilko par. 2). They don’t have a tendency of acquiring loans either. As a result of reduced funding demand or loans, banks will reduce the interest rates consequently reducing their profits. Standard CPI (Consumer Price Index) It is a measure of weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services. Changes in the standard CPI are used in assessing price changes that are associated with the cost of living. There was increase of standard CPI between 2007 and 2008. This could denote a period of inflation. Inflation is accompanied by falling purchasing power since the cost of living rises when inflation rate increases. Due to inflation, investments are also likely to reduce since the prices of building or investment materials are high.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on YOY Percentage Change in Key U.S. Economic Indicators specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These factors can lead to reduced lending rates by the banks (â€Å"Consumer Price Index:Definition of Consumer Price Index-Cpi† par. 1). As a result, there is reduced profitability in the commercial banking industry. On the other hand, there was fall of the standard CPI in 2009. The drop is an indicator of deflation. De flation means that the cost of living of living is low. This will increase the purchasing power of consumers. The investors are attracted by positive consumption habits and therefore they will want to invest more at this time. In order to obtain funding, investors will end borrowing loans or commodities from the banks. The banks as a result, will increase the lending rates. As a result, the commercial banking industry realizes increase in profits. 10 Year Treasury Rate The Treasury rate refers to the recent rate of interest that investors acquire from debt securities that are issued by the Treasury. The federal government uses various ways of borrowing money from the public. One such method is by issuing 10-year notes which earn interest in every six months (Langsdorf par. 2). 10 Year Treasury Rates reduced between 2007 and 2010 meaning that investors earned less interest from them. Investors get discouraged by investments that yield little income to them. That is why many big inves tors go for the long term instruments such as bonds and notes. Such investors expect high benefits in the long run. If such expectations are not met, it could discourage them. With fewer investments, banks will experience reduction in the level of borrowers. They will result to reducing their lending rates in order encourage borrowers. The repercussions of this are that the profits decline.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Agreement or disagreement with specific numbers including comments about the Congress, the White House, the international scene, and the Fed up to date Real GDP Growth The real GDP growth is expected to rise from 2.2% in February 2012 to 2.6% in February 2013. I tend to agree with the focus because there arms or bodies in the government that have authority to implement favorable rules that can increase national income. For instance, Congress has power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among states. Actually, the sixteenth Amendment gives Congress the power to collect a national income tax without apportioning it among the states. Therefore, real national income is likely to increase given these circumstances. Internationally, businesses are stable and this could work out performance The Fed also has the authority to affect economic growth positively. For instance, it can regulate the monetary policies about price control, interest and tax rates in order for them to favo r economic growth. Standard CPI The Standard Consumer Price Index is expected to remain constant at 2.1%. I agree. The level of prices is likely to be the same because the consumer levels are expected to change narrowly. Since the level of income growth is minimal, it is possible that consumer’s expenditure levels will be almost insignificant. Additionally, the level of government spending will be less. With reduced spending patterns, demand for commodities will be minimal and since prices are determined by demand, the prices of commodities are likely to remain constant. Unemployment Rate I disagree that the level of unemployment will reduce from 8.3% in February 2012 to 7.9% in February 2013. This is because the policies being put in place to control the rate of unemployment are either slow in implementation or they are ineffective. For instance, the Congress had to debate on how to extend federal unemployment benefits which were to expire at the end of the 2011. Actually th e law makers were uncertain how long it was going to take and the strings to be attached to an extension. This uncertainty in solving important issues such as unemployment is an indicator that the level of unemployment is not likely to reduce any time soon (Hook and Peterson 22). 10 Year Treasury Rate 10 Year Treasury Rate is expected to rise from 2.2% in February 2012 to 2.9% in 013. I agree. This is a government borrowing instrument that takes an investor up to 10 years to recover. Given that the international markets are stabilizing after recession, many countries are increasing their investments locally and internationally. Additionally, many investors are coming up in order to take advantage of the stable and promising income. They invest intensely on local and international treasury instruments as well as establishment of international markets. As a result of the extensive investments, and the favorable market conditions, the investors are likely to benefit from increased inco me in interest. Fed Actions The Fed conducts monetary policy. It does this through three means: open market operations, changes in reserve requirements and changes in the rates of discounts. Government bonds, securities, price control, and subsidies. Reserve requirements is the money that the banks are expected to maintain for smooth operations. â€Å"Discount rates are benefits obtained from massive buying of commodities such as reduced prices† (â€Å"Cliffnotes: Monetary Policy† par. 1). Fed Actions over the next six months In order to improve economic growth, I expect Fed to increase its open market operations such as purchase of government bonds in order to obtain more funds from the public. When Fed borrows from the public it will increase income capacity. Additionally, it can increase reserve requirements of the banking sector which will increase their lending capacity, and investments. As a result, the economy’s GDP is expected to rise. Fed Chair should t ry to create a stable currency and reduce inflation rate instead of going by the Fed’s main monetary policy which is price control. Since price should be controlled by market forces, Fed should consider using Friedman’s suggestions to stabilize the dollar. For instance, it should use other monetary policies such as the regulation of the monetary base, reduction of inflation and unemployment rates. Fed should also aim at job creation and educating job seekers so as to overcome obstacles that prevent equal employment. It can do this by targeting employment initiatives, educational job training† (Weller par. 2). It should also exercise collective bargaining of wages and benefits in order to reduce the gap between the high and low income earners. Educating people on equality can also reduce this gap in earning. Encouraging of self-employment through creation of youth funds can also help alleviate unemployment rate and poverty levels in the short run. Since the job ma rket is saturated, Fed can allocate funds to the unemployed in order to help them implement creative ideas. This way, the level of income is likely to increase. Fed can also organize trade fairs and seminars in order to help businesses to promote and advertise the local products. This will increase awareness and sale of such products. With time, the level of income will increase. Fed Actions over the next two years In the long term I expect Fed to change its monetary policies. It should change its rules and fundamentals in order to have a wider base of controlling economic growth. Instead of Fed using the price control as its main tool to regulate macroeconomic factors of the economy, it can use other tools such as reduction of unemployment and inflation, reduction in tax levels, subsidies, reduction in trade regulations and lowering of interest and exchange rates. As a result, the level of real GDP is expected to rise. The White House is also encouraging short term borrowings in or der to achieve long term solutions. President Obama advocates of this economic mechanism. Although short term borrowing can lead the country to financial crisis, if used carefully, it can generate income as well as create employment in the long run. Fed should also consider increasing its exports. This involves increase in selling of the country’s goods and services to international buyers. When exports rise above the level of imports, income is likely to increase. On the other hand, the country should reduce its imports by encouraging local production. This will mean that it is spending less in obtaining goods and services. Another strategy is removal of tariffs on imports. If the country removes tariffs on its imports, it is very possible that its neighboring countries will remove tariffs from its exports. This way, the level of income will rise because there will be increased revenue from increased exports. Conclusion Macroeconomics involves external factors that affect th e level of economic growth. These external factors include national income (GDP), unemployment rate, standard CPI and treasury rates. GDP growth is the value of a nation’s products and services. Its determining factors are consumer expenditure, exports, government expenditure, investments and imports. Increase in real GDP determines the interest rates, level of expenditure, and investment in a country therefore affecting borrowing and the level of profitability of the banking industry. On the contrary, decrease in GDP will result to reduced profits. Unemployment rate is another external factor that affects the profitability of the banking industry. It reduces the expenditure levels therefore discouraging investors. Once investors feel that their goods will lack sufficient demand, they resist from taking the risks and therefore shy away from investing. This affects the commercial banking industry since there will be reduced borrowing from the investors. Otherwise, when the rat e of unemployment is low, the level of profits is expected to rise. Standard CPI accounts for the level of prices as determined by consumer demand. When the consumer demand is increasing, it can indicate inflation which subsequently means that the cost of living is high. This is accompanied by reduced borrowing and loss in profits by the banks. When the Standard CPI is reducing, it can be an indication of deflation. Deflation is associated with lower cost of living and improved expenditure patterns. As a result, the banking industry achieves increased borrowing for investment purposes therefore increasing profits. An increase in the 10 Year Treasury Rate means that the investors can reap higher interest incomes from their investments. They will in turn result to borrowing from the banks in order to increase their investments. This results in improved profits by the banking industry. The Fed can initiate several factors in order to increase the level of economic growth. These are sub sidies price controls, regulation of interest, import and export rates, incentives, removal of tariffs, encouragement of local production, increase in exports, decrease in imports, seminars and trade fairs and allocation of youth funds to encourage innovation. With these factors in place, the level of economic growth is very likely to increase. The level of GDP is expected to rise as well as the 10 Year Treasury Rates. On the other hand, the unemployment rate will reduce, as well as the Standard CPI. As a result of increased economic growth, the banking, educational, administrative, manufacturing and other industries in general, are expected to increase their profits. Works Cited Cliffnotes: Monetary Policy. Web. Consumer Price Index: Definition of Consumer Price Index-Cpi. Web. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/consumerpriceindex.asp#axzz1rA0dptHA. Hook, Janet and Kristina Peterson. â€Å"Congress Wrestles with 2012 Unemployment Benefits Extension.† The Wall Street Journa l (2011). Print. Kibilko, John. The Effects of Unemployment. Web. https://www.sapling.com/7762708/effects-unemployment. Langsdorf, Jonathan. Treasury Rate Definition. Web. https://pocketsense.com/treasury-rate-definition-6680672.html. Weller, Christian. Spotlight on Poverty and Opportunity: Short-Term Labor Solutions Can Help Persistent Poverty among Minorities in the Long Term. Web. Wolfe, Martin. The Effect of Real Gdp on Interest Rate. Web. https://bizfluent.com/about-6632885-effect-real-gdp-interest-rate.html. This term paper on YOY Percentage Change in Key U.S. Economic Indicators was written and submitted by user K0lten to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Learn to Code in 3 Months With Harvards Online Courses

Learn to Code in 3 Months With Harvard's Online Courses Harvard’s â€Å"Introduction to Computer Science† course is widely regarded as the best computer science course online and serves as a rigorous starting point for thousands of online students every year. Plus, the course is flexible: there’s an option for you whether you just want to look around, are dedicated to completing every assignment, or want to earn transferable college credit. Here’s some straight talk: â€Å"Introduction to Computer Science† is hard. It’s designed for students without previous computer programming experience, but it’s no walk in the park. If you enroll, you can expect to spend 10-20 hours on each of the nine project sets in addition to completing a complex final project. But, if you can dedicate the effort required, you’ll gain tangible skills, have a much more in-depth understanding of computer science and develop a better sense of whether or not this is a field you want to pursue.   Ã‚   Introducing Your Professor, David Malan The course is taught by David Malan, an instructor at Harvard University. Before creating the course and teaching at Harvard, David was the Chief Information Officer for Mindset Media. All of David’s Harvard courses are offered as OpenCourseWare – at no cost to the interested public. The primary instruction in â€Å"Introduction to Computer Science† is delivered through David’s videos, which are professionally filmed and often use screens and animation to get the point across. Fortunately, David is both concise and charismatic, making the videos an easy watch for students. (No dry, 2-hours-behind-a-podium lectures here). What You’ll Learn As an introductory course, you’ll learn a little bit of everything. The curriculum is broken down into twelve weeks of intense learning. Each weekly lesson includes an informational video from David Malan (generally filmed with a live student audience). There are also walkthrough videos, in which David directly demonstrates coding processes. Study session review videos are available for students that may be less comfortable with the material and need additional instruction in order to complete the problem sets. Videos and transcripts of videos can be downloaded and watched at your convenience. Lessons introduce students to: binary, algorithms, Boolean expressions, arrays, threads, Linux, C, cryptography, debugging, security, dynamic memory allocation, compiling, assembling, File I/O, hash tables, trees, HTTP, HTML, CSS, PHP, SQL, JavaScript, Ajax, and dozens of other topics. You won’t finish the course as a fluent programmer, but you’ll have a solid understanding of how programming languages work. What You’ll Do One of the reasons â€Å"Introduction to Computer Science† has been so successful is that it gives students the opportunity to apply what they’re learning while they’re learning it. In order to complete the course, students must successfully finish 9 problem sets. Students begin creating simple programs from the very first week. The instructions for completing the problem sets are extremely detailed and even feature extra help videos from past students (proudly wearing their black â€Å"I took CS50† t-shirts for solidarity with the currently-struggling). The final requirement is a self-guided project. Students can choose to create any type of software using the skills and programming languages they’ve learned throughout the course. Enrolled students submit their final project to an online fair – after the class is over, projects are shared through a website for peers to see what everyone else has been up to. Students needing extra assistance can work with Harvard tutors online for $50 an hour. Did You Want a Certificate With That? Whether you just want to take a peek at the course or want to earn college credit, â€Å"Introduction to Computer Science† has an option to help you get started coding. EdX is the easiest way to access course materials at your own pace. You can sign up for free to audit the course, with full access to videos, instructions, etc. You can also opt to donate $90 or more for a Verified Certificate of Achievement upon completion of all coursework. This can be listed on a resume or used in a portfolio, but will not give you college credit. You can also view course materials on CS50.tv, YouTube, or iTunes U. Alternatively, you can take the same online course through Harvard Extension School for about $2050. Through this more traditional online program, you will enroll with a cohort of students during the Spring or Fall semester, meet deadlines, and earn transferable college credit upon completion of the course.

Accountant

How comfortable are you working long hours to achieve success? Working overtime or extra hours will not be a problem for me, because I used to work 10 hours per day and to work overtime to finish some special tasks in my previous Job. Sometimes, I spent my personal time on resolving some potential risks and problems that I found. 2. How eager are you to keep on learning to stay ahead of the curve? I am more than happy to learn in the work place because I value the process of continuous improvement. As long as I was instructed to handle something new in my previous ob, I felt excited and satisfied. The double-loop learning process benefits me from applying new knowledge and techniques to work-related areas and self-reflecting the aspects that I can improve. In addition, I am actively pursuing academic success outside work place. For example, I am the youngest CMA candidate in my CMA session. 3. Can you deal with the income volatility that you will be facing during the first few months? I have no financial problem preventing me from accepting a Job if the income is low at the beginning. I worked as a no pay intern during the first two months in my previous Job. Since I am still young, I never put salary as the top priority in searching for a Job. The thing I concern more is whether this Job can help me to develop my competitive edge or not. 4. How comfortable are you working long hours to achieve success? Working overtime or extra hours will not be a problem for me, because I used to work 10 hours per day and to work overtime to finish some special tasks in my previous Job. Sometimes, I spent my personal time on resolving some potential risks and problems that I found. . How eager are you to keep on learning to stay ahead of the curve? I am more than happy to learn in the work place because I value the process of continuous improvement. As long as I was instructed to handle something new in my previous Job, I felt excited and satisfied. The double- loop learning process benefits me from applying new knowledge and techniques to work-related areas and self-reflecting the aspects that I can improve. In addition, I am actively pursuing academic success outside work place. For example, I am the youngest CMA candidate in my CMA session. 6. Can you deal with the income volatility that you will be facing during the first few months? I have no financial roblem preventing me from accepting a Job if the income is low at the beginning. I worked as a no pay intern during the first two months in my previous Job. Since I am still young, I never put salary as the top priority in searching for a Job. The thing I concern more is whether this Job can help me to develop my competitive edge or not. 7. How comfortable are you working long hours to achieve success? Working overtime 8. How eager are you to keep on learning to stay ahead of the curve? I am more than session. 9. Can you deal with the income volatility that you will be facing during the me to develop my competitive edge or not. 0. How comfortable are you working long some potential risks and problems that I found. 11. How eager are you to keep on youngest CMA candidate in my CMA session. 12. Can you deal with the income 13. How comfortable are you working long hours to achieve success? Working overtime or extra hours will not be a problem for me, because I used to work 10 hours per day and to work overtime to finish some special tasks in my previous Job. Sometimes, I spent my personal time on resolving some potential risks and problems that I found. 14. How eager are you to keep on learning to stay ahead of the curve? I am more than happy to learn in the work place because I value the process of continuous improvement. As long as I was instructed to handle something new in my previous Job, I felt excited and satisfied. The double-loop learning process benefits me from applying new knowledge and techniques to work-related areas and self- reflecting the aspects that I can improve. In addition, I am actively pursuing academic success outside work place. For example, I am the youngest CMA candidate in my CMA session. 15. Can you deal with the income volatility that you will be facing during the first few months? I have no financial problem preventing me from accepting a Job if the income is low at the beginning. I worked as a no pay intern during the first two months in my previous Job. Since I am still young, I never put salary as the top priority in searching for a Job. The thing I concern more is whether this Job can help me to develop my competitive edge or not. 16. How comfortable are you working long hours to achieve success? Working overtime or extra hours will not be a problem for me, because I used to work 10 hours per day and to work overtime on resolving some potential risks and problems that I found. 7. How eager are you to keep on learning to stay ahead of the curve? I am more than happy to learn in the work place because I value the process of continuous improvement. As long as I was instructed to handle something new in my previous Job, I felt excited and satisfied. The double-loop learning process benefits me from applying new knowledge and techniques to work-related areas and self-reflecting the aspects that I can improve. In addition, I am actively pursuing academic success outside work place. For example, I am the youngest CMA candidate in my CMA session. 18. Can you deal with the ncome volatility that you will be facing during the first few months? I have no financial problem preventing me from accepting a Job if the income is low at the beginning. I worked as a no pay intern during the first two months in my previous job. Since I am still young, I never put salary as the top priority in searching for a Job. The thing I concern more is whether this Job can help me to develop my competitive edge or not. 19. How comfortable are you working long hours to achieve success? Working overtime or extra hours will not be a problem for me, because I used to work 0 hours per day and to work overtime to finish some special tasks in my previous job. Sometimes, I spent my personal time on resolving some potential risks and problems that I found. 20. How eager are you to keep on learning to stay ahead of the curve? I am more than happy to learn in the work place because I value the process of continuous improvement. As long as I was instructed to handle something new in my previous Job, I felt excited and satisfied. The double-loop learning process benefits me from applying new knowledge and techniques to work-related areas and elf-reflecting the aspects that I can improve. In addition, I am actively pursuing academic success outside work place. For example, I am the youngest CMA candidate in my CMA session. 21 . Can you deal with the income volatility that you will be facing this Job can help me to develop my competitive edge or not. 22. How comfortable are to finish some special tasks in my previous Job. Sometimes, I spent my personal time on resolving some potential risks and problems that I found. 23. How eager are you am the youngest CMA candidate in my CMA session. 24. Can you deal with the edge or not.

Economic analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic analysis - Essay Example This paper assess a year by year economic indicators from the year 2012 to the year 2014 Economic growth is the measure of the change in gross domestic product, abbreviated as GDP. On the other hand, GDP is defined as the market value of the goods and services attributable to labour and property located in the economy. The gross domestic product measures the national income (sum of factor incomes) and output for a given country’s economy. It is equal to the total expenditures for all the final goods and services produced within the economy for a given time frame. The United States GDP in the year 2012 was worth 16, 244.60 Billion dollars1 and this value it was the worlds highest and over 25 % of the total value of the world’s economy. This was a growth from 15, 533.80 Billion dollars recorded in the previous year. This signaled a growth of 2.8% on the GDP recorded in the year 2011. Economic theory asserts that an economy’s GDP consists of total consumption, total investments and net exports; the latter is the difference between the total value of exports and imports. The estimated value of the decomposed components of the GDP were as follow; household consumption -70.9%, government consumption-19.5%, investment in fixed capital-12.8 %, investment in inventories-0.4%, net exports of goods and services negative 3.6 %.2 At the estimated percentage of more than 70%, indeed consumers are the engine of the US economy. Consumers spending have grown rapidly out of confidence in the 2011 economic growth. In the United States, the country has grown to be an imported consumer oriented goods and services shown by the negative value of the net exports, which means that the value of imports exceeded the value of exports. Consumer spending at percentage of 70.9 out of the GDP is the single largest piece of spending. During the period that transverse the dip and the recovery,

Individual Strategic Business Planning portfolio Essay

Individual Strategic Business Planning portfolio - Essay Example By virtue of the sophisticated technology JetFan Ltd expects to capitalize on the demand for sophistication by the consumers. The amount of money required for the business initiative has been stated as $2.5 million worth equity capital. Moreover by way of ‘intellectual property’ rights the company will be able to avoid any duplication of the impeller technology in the market besides giving it a good brand name. So the Executive Summary portion of the business plan clearly highlights all the aspects relating to fund requirement, project worthiness etc. Overall it can be said that the portion covers all the relevant questions making it an ‘excellent’ one. Business Description The business plan has been stated as ‘commercialization’ of impeller technology in worldwide market by entering into alliances with the leaders in the fan manufacturing market. The product offered by the business has been stated clearly in section â€Å"Creating the JetFan R evolution† where it has been stated that the business plans to offer small-sized, quieter and convenient fans to the consumers. This is an expansionary business opportunity. The reasons for the success of the plan has been outlined in the section â€Å"Why use JetFan and why now†. Here the benefits of adapting to the new technology have been stated as stall-free, miniaturization, less power consumption, reduced noise etc. The pressure differential advantages of JetFan over the conventional axial flow have been presented by way of a chart. The growth forecast for the JetFan market has been anticipated to be 15 percent every year. The section â€Å"Creating the JetFan Revolution† highlights the unique features of the JetFan’s unique impeller design. It has been mentioned how the JetFan scores over traditional plans in terms of higher airflow, improved efficiency, long battery life etc. Besides it has been stated how the JetFan reduces the inventory and tooli ng costs for the manufacturers. So overall in the business plan the details relating to nature of the business, products offered, its unique benefits, future growth prospects, salient product features and the unique business characteristics have been clearly outlined. So overall a good description of the business has been given. Marketing The market size has been conservatively estimated at 350 million small fans. This has been expected to grow by 15% annually. The market trend has also been anticipated to be strong owing to the fast replacement of the desktop computers with portable computers. The business plans to sell its impellers to the manufacturers in various industries. This implies that the business will not supply to the customers directly rather it will function as an intermediary as the plan clearly states that the sale of the impellers will be mainly to the manufacturers. The plan states that the business faces direct competitions from the manufacturers of specialist fa ns like Papst, NMB and Sunon. In the event JetFan decides to manufacture complete units of fans then it is expected to face significant direct competition. These fan manufacturers occupy a sizable portion of the market. However, it has also been stated that if the company sticks to the production of fan impellers instead

The Civil War Essay Example for Free

The Civil War Essay The American Civil War and also known as the War Between the States was a war fought from 1861 up to 1865 between the Northern and Southern United States. The war has led to over 618,000 casualties. There were several reasons to why the Civil War has occurred in the United States. Firstly, the Northern and the Southern have different economies. With the invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793, cotton became very profitable. This machine reduces the time taken to separate the seeds from the cotton. This leads to big plantations set up to meet up the demand of cotton and these plantation owners needed cheap labors, i. e. slaves. Hence, the Southern economy was based on agriculture and slavery while the Northern economy was based on industry and wages. These different economies caused a big division in the United States. On contrary, the northerners became more polarized against slavery. Sympathies began to grow for abolitionist and to fight against slavery. Besides that, the election of Abraham Lincoln as the president of United States is also one of the reasons that trigger the Civil War. He wanted slavery to be abolished and even before the election, seven states have seceded from the Union, which are South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, and formed the Confederate States of America (CSA) because they believed Abraham Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of the Northern interests. The Southern also felt that abolishing slavery would destroy their economy.

Frederick Winslow Taylor: The Father of Scientific Management :: Frederick Taylor Management Labor Essays

Frederick Winslow Taylor: The â€Å"Father of Scientific Management† Introduction This paper is in response to the assignment for a paper and short speech concerning a person with relevant contributions to the world of management. Frederick Taylor is affectionately referred to as the â€Å"Father of Scientific Management.† The modern systems of manufacturing and management would not be the examples of efficiency that they are today, without the work of Taylor. Frederick Taylor was instrumental in bringing industry out of the dark ages by beginning to revolutionize the way work was approached. Taylor was able to increase wages, productivity and reduce per piece costs at the same time. Taylor's work was eventually adopted in a wide array of applications. Taylor's ideas had a significant influence on the industrial life of all modernized countries. Even Lenin went as far as to publish an article in Pravda , â€Å"Raising the Productivity of Labour,† based on the writings of Taylor. Thus Taylor changed the way the world conducted business. Taylor's work was an extension of technology. It was a marriage of human work and technology. His Priniciples of Scientifiic Management was conceived to be free of value judgement. The Younger Years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frederick W. Taylor was born into a well-to-do family in Philadelphia in 1856 . His family was not wealthy , but they were well exposed to the high culture of the local society. Growing up it was expected that Taylor would study to become an attorney. Taylor attended Phillips-Exeter Academy. He was a devout student, doing very well with his studies. To achieve good grades, Taylor studied many long hours. It was quite unfortunate that Taylor was to miss Harvard Law School due to bad eyes that doctors attrributed to studying in the poor light of a kerosene lamp. In later years it was realized that his eye problem was actually caused by stress, as it improved after he left Phillips. Taylor moved back home after graduating from Phillips. He realized that he should take up a trade and got a job as an apprentice machinist and pattern maker. Having spent four years learning his trade, Taylor got a job as a yard laborer at Midvale Steel Company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taylor realized that at this point he needed to continue his education. He convinced the people at Stevens Institute of Technology to allow him to attend classes long distance. He would study in his spare time in Philadelphia and go to the school in New Jersey to take his exams. In June of 1883, Taylor graduated with a Mechanical Engineering degree. He subsequently joined the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

Nora vs. Kate: Compare and Contrast Essay

Upon thorough examination of the play â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen and the novel My Sister’s Keeper written by Jodi Picoult, it is evident that there are certain characters within both pieces of literature that have the same perception of love and loyalty but at the conclusion of what the reader would believe to occur, a twist takes place, one ending in disappointment and the other ending in tragedy . I found that characters Nora from â€Å"A Doll’s House† and Anna from â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper† show true signs of being loyal to the ones they love by going out of their way to please their family members in ways that comprise their existence. Although one may seem to view the ending of both literatures as tragic or filled with sadness, both Nora and Anna are emancipated from their situations. (Ibsen, 1965) Nora is seen as naive at the beginning of the play where she demonstrates childish qualities causing her husband, Torvald to give her the nickname Doll. The term doll reveals the manner in which her own husband views her. The symbolism of that term is belittlement and allows her husband to deny her of her own self or identity. For example, Torvald states, â€Å"that is like a woman! †¦you know what I think about that. No debt, no borrowing. † (Ibsen, 21) The play reveals that Nora and Torvald’s conduct creates a sense of inferiority between the two by her permitting him to talk as though they are unequally yoked. It is also revealed within the play that she is capable of fabrication, which becomes a major issue throughout the play. It is for that particular reason why her marriage concludes. Apparently, Nora had been living a â€Å"double life† where their money was not being spent, although for a good reason, that is, to obtain a loan for which would save her husband’s life, legitimately. Her husband comes to find out that Nora had been secretly paying off a debt for the loan where she forged her father’s signature to obtain it. Before Torvald is promoted at the same financial institution where Krogstad, the man who gave the loan to Nora worked, he threatens to expose Nora’s illegimate behaviour, thereby attempting to ruin Torvald’s reputation and ensuring that he holds his position at the bank. Nora even tells a friend that she is proud of the decision because it was done for the love of her husband. Torvald comes to realize that Nora does not exemplify the wifely qualities he thought a wife should possess. Torvald questions their marriage when he inquires, â€Å"Nora—can I ever be anything more than a stranger to you? † and she responds by saying, â€Å"both you and I would have to be so changed that†¦. our life together would be a real wedlock. † (Ibsen, 375-280) Her actions reveal self-independence as well. Upon conclusion of the play, Nora finds her own identity and leaves her husband. Ibsen clearly suggests a notion of self when Nora is able to emancipate herself from her husband. This creates a theme of self-confidence and self-motivation. Nora’s conception to understand that she is not inferior to Torvald creates psychological strength in knowing that she does not have to be dependent on him to make her feel loved as a human being. Self-identity is also important in a good marriage because although when husband and wife marry and they become one, they can make choices to benefit each. I do not believe that Nora made the right decision by forging her father’s signature but I do believe that Torvald should have stood by her because it was her way of showing how much she loved him. (Ibsen, 1965) The character Anna from My Sister’s Keeper is very similar in the fact that throughout the novel and from the time she was born, Anna was a creation based on the fact that her older sister Kate overwhelmed by sickness. Anna does not have her own identity because from the time she was a child, parents Sarah and Brian Fitzgerald expected her to be an organ donor for Kate at all costs. According to Brian who is a firefighter, â€Å"the safety of the rescuer is of a higher priority than the safety of the victim. Always. † (Picoult, 142) Anna realizes that in order to make her own decision it is necessary to emancipate or free herself via lawsuit through which her lawyer Campbell Alexander works for her until the case is resolved. It is later revealed within the novel that the lawsuit is a result of Kate encouraging Anna not to donate her kidney to her. Kate also wanted to emancipate herself from going through all the medical issues that has plagued life from a young age. The relationship between the two sisters is what seemed to be an unbreakable bond until Anna is killed in a severe car accident when both Campbell and herself are driving to the hospital. Campbell lives. With this ironic twist, as power of attorney is Campbell’s, he decides to give Anna’s kidney to Kate who lives healthy throughout life. Anna, although she loses her identity when she is killed, emancipation arrives. She is liberated from having to worry about her sister’s health and the pressure of the parents in making her feel obliged to Kate. Like Nora’s situation, Anna’s family structure is compromised because of certain decisions made. They are also both freed from situations where they thought to be binding and felt as if they were being forced be a part of circumstances of compulsion and responsibility. If Nora or Anna were to initially deny their family members of what they needed to survive, they would be thought to be disloyal and selfish but in fact, they were both selfless individuals. The love they had for family for so great that they looked beyond their own selves to do what was logically and morally right in their eyes. (Picoult, 2005) Due to the fact that â€Å"A Doll’s House† was written during the 1800’s which was a time period in history when husband viewed their wives as the typical housewife which meant they did not work outside of the house. Their main duties were to stay at home, take care of the children, clean the house, and cook meals while the husband was expected to be the breadwinner of the family. It was unusual for many wives to leave their husbands even when spoken to in a condescending manner. They often were willing to endure that kind of language and remained with their husbands at all costs because it was what was expected of them at that time in society. Society in the 1800 often was a determinant for the way in which man and wife would live and anyone who diverted from the norm was viewed as insubordinate. My Sister’s Keeper, written in this 21st century is different because it speaks of unethical means of providing live for one human being by essentially taking the life of another. What I mean by this is that Anna’s parents were so caught up in trying to save Kate’s life that they were willing to design a baby for this reason. It is clearly unethical and immoral because it is an infringement upon the rights of Anna as a human being. It is very apparent that Anna could no longer live up to her parents’ and everyone else’s expectations of being the organ provider for Kate whom they adorned so much to the point that everyone else became insignificant in their lives. Even Campbell’s girlfriend gives her own opinion through this statement, â€Å"even if the law says that no one is responsible for anyone else, helping someone who needs it is the right thing to do. † (Picoult, 122) At the conclusion, the guilt consumed the parents whereas the brother Jesse, Kate, Campbell and his girlfriend later on, his wife, begin to lead normal lives. Modern day society would say that the parents are deserving of the overwhelming feeling of guilt because of what they made Anna endure as their own child. Another issue that Picoult covers is the legal aspect where Anna medically emancipates herself. In the 1800s this was not a choice that could be made because it didn’t exist during those times. This shows that people are able to make many more choices today than they could during the 1800s, many without being looked at as immoral unless it has been publicly exposed. Contributing factors of the resulting drama of both pieces of literature is the attempt to create unusual occurrences and climax. The writers want to give the readers an emotional and controversial feeling so that the themes may grab their attention allowing them to be captivated while reading. By doing this, it evokes a thought to keep reading and by finding the author’s work captivating, they will want to read other literature written by the authors. I believe that both Ibsen and Picoult definitely reach their readers by their stylistic methods in which they use controversy to make their readers more interested. Bibliography Ibsen, Henrik. â€Å"A Doll’s House. † London: Penguin Books, 1965. Picoult, Jodi. My Sister’s Keeper A Novel. New York: Washington Square P, 2005.

What is Sociology?

We as human beings have always been curious about the sources of our own behaviour. Attempts to understand this relied on ways of thinking that were passed down from generation to generation. These ideas were often expressed in religious terms or drew from well-known myths, superstition and traditional beliefs. The objective and systematic study of human behaviour and society is a recent development dating from the 1700’s. A key development was the use of science to understand the world and this approach brought about a radical change in outlook and understanding.Just like physics, biology, chemistry and other disciplines, sociology emerged as part of this important intellectual process. The origins of sociology were the series of sweeping changes ushered in by the ‘two great revolutions’ of the 18th and 19th century Europe. These events transformed the way of life humans had maintained for thousands of years. The French Revolution, 1789 marked the ideas and value s, such as liberty and equality, over traditional social order.This was the Industrial Revolution, the broad spectrum of social and economic transformation that surrounded the development of new technical innovation. This caused an influx of migrants causing a rapid expansion of urban areas, forming new social relationships dramatically changing the face of the social world. There were a few individuals who contributed to early sociological thinking; one in particular was a French author, Auguste Comte (1798-1857) who actually coined the word ‘sociology’.He argued that sociology can and should study society and social phenomena following the patterns and procedures of natural sciences. Another contributor was Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) and he had a more lasting impact on modern sociology than that of Comte. Some regard Durkheim as the first sociologist to apply statistical methods to the study of social phenomena. Throughout his career, Durkheim was primarily concerned with how society would maintain integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things like religion could no longer be assumed.His book Suicide (1897) is a very well-known piece of literature. These sociologist developed ideas into how we could study humans and the world in which we live. Sociology is seen as being the study of human social behaviour and its origins, development, organizations and institutions. It is a social science which uses various methods of investigation and is to develop a body of knowledge about human social actions, social structures and functions. The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social mobility, religion, law and deviance.With all aspects of human activity it is affected by interplay between social structure and individual agency, which means sociology, has gradually expanded its focus to further subjects such as health, internet and political economy. There are two non-sociological explanations of human b ehaviour, naturalistic and individual explanations. The naturalistic approach suggest that humans behave as a product of inherited disposition; programmed by nature, e. g. / race, motherhood, gender (etc.)We take for granted that all women are maternal and want to become mothers and be just like their own mothers but this is not always the case. The individual approach is on that sees human behaviour as a result of psychological make-up of the individual person, eg/ people who commit suicide have their own personal reason for doing so. This persons suicide may not solely be a personal choice but may have other social factors associated like religion. This is what sociology is all about, challenging the unknown and looking at things from a different perspective, â€Å"Sociology defamiliarises the familiar† (Z.Baumen 1990 Thinking Sociologically p15)Sociologist look at these behaviours from all different perspectives and challenges what we believe to common sense theories. To m ake sense of human reality sociology attempts to make sense of the human condition through analysing the manifold webs of human interdependency as opposed to the naturalistic or individualistic approach. It disturbs the comforting quiet way of life by questioning what we usually take for granted. â€Å"It can be said that the first wisdom of sociology is this: things are not what they seem† (P Berger 1963 Invitation to Sociology p34)To gather information we use sociological methods called quantative and qualitative data. Quantative data is presented in the form of numbers and statistics; macro-sociological perspective. This helps to go beyond personal impressions and opinions and is done in the form of social surveys, questionnaires and structured interviews, e. g. / The Kinsey report on the sexuality of Americans (1948-1953) Qualitative data however is to tell us why and methods used are usually interviewing people to build up an understanding of a respondents point of view rather than a generalized opinion on their behaviour.There is also participant observation and this is observing someone in their own environment and learning what life is like for them, e. g. / The Paulo Case. â€Å"Sociology deals with a factually observable subject matter, depends upon empirical research, and involves attempts to formulate theories and generalizations that will make sense of facts† (Giddens Scope of Sociology p6) The use of concepts are needed to describe things accurately and precisely and to describe and address abstract and immaterial social phenomena such as individualism, social class and globalization, etc.As you can see from this essay sociology is a very important study and without it we wouldn’t question human behaviours or the society surrounding us. It helps us to gain a better insight into who we are and why we are the way we are and how others can have an effect on each and every one of us.

Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Essay Example

Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Essay Example Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Essay Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Essay Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Instructions This questionnaire is a tool that you can use to collect information about your business that will be useful for tailoring the R/3 System to your business needs. You will need Microsoft Word for Windows to work with this document. Enter your answers in the fields after the questions, using the TAB key to move from field to field. You may save and later change your answers in this questionnaire just as you would with any other Word document. 1 Enterprise Structure 1. 1 SD – Corporate Structure What selling entities (Sales Organizations) are responsible for establishing terms of sale? To what markets (distribution channels) do you sell? (Retail, Wholesale, etc). What product divisions (product lines) do you have? What sales offices do you have? A Sales Office is a physical location responsible for sales within a given geographical location (optional). What sales groups do you have? These are groups of people responsible for processing sales of certain products or services (optional). Do you have more than one sales person responsible per customer? What warehouses, production sites (Plants) do you have? What are the storage locations at each Plant? Within each plant, what are the areas  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 1 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire from which you ship? For example, different loading docks that ship different types of materials or a Federal Express drop-off. (Shipping Point) 2 Master Data 2. 1 Logistics Business Partners What kinds of business partners do you have? Sold-To Ship-To Bill-To Payer Prospective Customers Competitors Sales Partners Forwarding Agent One Time Customers Do customers have multiple ship-to’s and payers? If yes, how do you choose? Do you have vendors that are also customers? Please define the structure of your current customer numbering: Yes Invoice-To partner No Payer partner Yes No 2. 2 SD Business Partners SAP Customer Hierarchies define complex buying structures within a single company and allow different pricing for each hierarchy. Do your customers have multi-level complex buying structures within their own company? Yes No Define the following optional Marketing information that can be attached to your customers. Industry Sectors for Customers? Customer Classifications? Nielson IDs?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Legal Status? Define the following optional Sales information breakdowns that may be used for reporting. Customer Groups: Sales Districts: Define the following optional Delivery information. Delivery priority levels. Also, explain the allocation process: Customer Calendars: Customer Goods Receiving Hours: Define the following information that will pertain to your billing documents. Define your Billing Schedule: Customer Terms of Payment and cash discounts you offer: Customer Incoterms? These are delivery terms you offer your customers (i. e. FOB): Do you record contact-person information for your customers? Do you record sales employee information in your customer table? Do you record customers who are placed on a â€Å"Table of Denial†, thereby denying deliveries to them? Yes No 2. 3 Logistics Material Do you record status information on your material records that would suggest a material should be blocked from sales stages? For example, blocking a sales order because the material is  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 3 Yes No Sales and Distribution Questionnaire discontinued, or blocking a delivery because the material is still in development. If yes, list the various status codes: Define the Length and Format of your material numbering scheme: Define your material groups: This key allows you to group together several materials and services that have the same attributes. This grouping can be used for reporting and pricing. Define the product divisions that allow you to organize your sales structure around groups of similar products or product lines: List your Storage Conditions for Material: List your Temperature Conditions for Material: List your Container Requirements for Material: Do you wish to set up a product hierarchy structure for reporting and pricing? If so, what are the hierarchy levels? Up to 9 levels can be used. Yes No 2. 4 SD Material Today, what information does your material master feed to the sales order process? Do you use Bills of Materials? If yes, do you price at the header or component level? Yes Header No Component  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 4 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire If yes, do you perform transfer of requirements and inventory movements on the header or component level? Do you have Configure-to-Order materials? Do you sell any of your material in batches? Header Component Yes Yes No No 3 Basic Functions 3. 1 Pricing Condition Processing What Master Data combinations do you base your pricing on? Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Sold-To Party / Material Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Ship-To Party / Material Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Material Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Price List Type / Currency / Material Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Sold-To Party / Material Group Describe all other combinations: To calculate a price, will R/3 have to read any information stored on an external 3rd party or in-house system? If yes, please describe: What pricing information do you capture for statistical purposes? I. e. , it does not alter the price) For example, material costs, profit margins, or subtotals to print on an invoice. If you process Electronic Data Interchange orders, do you accept the  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 5 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire expected order price per item or the expected order value? If you process Inter-Company orders, d o you charge the inter-company based on a specified amount or on a percentage of the item price? Do you allow manual adjustments to the Gross Price automatically generated by the SAP R/3 system? Do you manually alter prices for an entire sales document at the header level? Do you use â€Å"Interval Graduated Scales† pricing? Example: For the first number of items purchased, the customer is charged a certain price. Additional items above a certain quantity level are sold at a lower price. Do you have multiple prices and discounts for a customer, and require the system to search the combination of all-eligible prices and discounts and give the customer the â€Å"best† or â€Å"lowest† price? Do you require the system to accumulate the amounts for certain conditions (like discounts) and deactivate the discount once a specified maximum value has been reached? Tracking Cumulative values) Do you require the functionality to create user-defined indexes in the pricing tables? This will enable you to search for your prices using companyspecific search criteria such as what operator input what prices on a certain day. Do your prices include Sales Tax? Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 6 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Do you ever base the price of an item on the cost to manufacture or purchase the materials? Do you offer discounts to your customers? If so, what are they based on? Yes No Customer Material Customer / Material Customer Group / Material Customer Group / Material Group Customer / Material Group Ship-to Location Customer Hierarchy Pallets Mixed Pallets Describe all other combinations: Do you offer discounts to your customers that are based on a Sales Promotion? If yes, please describe your Sales Promotion and Sales Deal structure. Are these deals customer-specific or are they related to the product? Are these deals off-invoice or accrued (or a combination of both)? What date is pricing based on? Sales Order date Requested Delivery date How do you calculate and charge Freight? What subtotal information would you like to record on your pricing procedure? Will you need to pass pricing information to the Sales Information  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Valid: When selling an automobile, any options for number of doors, color, engine size, and music package will help determine the price to be charged. Do your customers have large, complex buying structures that you wish to price and discount according to? For example, a large retail company might send out purchase orders from different buying offices, so that you could set up a â€Å"customer-hierarchy† and offer discounts and prices based on the level to which the buying party belongs. Do you calculate your prices by the use of formulas? What is your method of taxation? Yes No Yes No Yes US Non Jurisdiction US Jurisdiction Output Taxes No Canadian Mexico Other 3. 2 Account Assignment How do you determine which General Ledger account should be posted for Revenue? Sales Org, Cust. Grp, Mat. Grp, Acct. Key Sales Org, Customer Group, Account Key Sales Org, Material Group, Account Key Do you also post to Business Areas (product groups) for internal reporting? Yes No Sales Org, Account Key Other  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 8 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire If yes, how? Please list the revenue accounts: What accounts do you use to post sales deductions (discounts)? What account do you use to post freight? What accounts do you use to post tax? What account do you use to post rebates? What accounts do you use to post rebate accruals? Do you require the interface link from SD to COPA? y Plant / Division by Sales Area Yes No 3. 3 Availability Check Do you perform an availability check against on the basis of â€Å"Available to Promise† quantities? If yes, for what types of material? Yes No Do you perform an availability check against on the basis of planned independent quantities? If yes, for what types of material? Yes No Do you normally include replenishment lead time in y our available check? Do you block a sales order if the availability check fails? For your different types of materials, decide what to include in your availability check: Stocks to include: Yes No Yes No safety stock stock in transfer stock in quality inspection blocked stocked  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 9 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire What Inward and Outward Movements should be included? purchase orders purchase requisitions planned orders production orders reservations dependent reservations dependent requirements sales requirements delivery requirements 3. 4 Output What master data fields do you use to determine what output to send? Sales Org / Distribution Channel / Customer Group Sales Org What type of output do you send? Printed Fax Collect print out (samples) of the following documents: Sales order Customer master Material master Picking list EDI Other: Shipping documents Invoice Top 5 sales reports Customer Other: 3. 5 Material Determination Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. If a product is packaged differently for a special event (e. g. , Thanksgiving), do you want the system to automatically substitute the special packaging when the product is ordered? If yes, how does the substitution occur? For example, what master records do you perform the substitution based on? Not Used Yes No Customer Material Customer Material Country Code Another grouping?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 10 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire What are the different reasons you would substitute one product for another or one packaging for another? Do you want the originally ordered product or the substituted product information to be printed on the output? Do you want the product substitution to occur automatically or should Data Entry personnel be offered a selection screen for substitutable products? Do you want Data Entry personnel alerted when a product is automatically substituted? Do you want the substituted product to be listed as a sub-item to the originally ordered product or should the substituted product completely replace the original product? Do you want product substitution to occur when the original ordered product is not available? Original Substituted automatic offered a selection Yes No sub-item replace Yes No 3. 6 Material Listings Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you require that certain products or customers must be pre-specified on a â€Å"Material List† before a customer can place an order for the material. What Master Data fields will make up the key index for the â€Å"Material Listing† table? Not Used Yes No Customer / Material Customer Group / Material Ship To Location / Material Specify Others:  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 11 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire 3. 7 Material Exclusions Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you require that certain products or customers must be pre-specified on a â€Å"Material Exclusion† table to block selling that material to the customer? What Master Data fields will make up the key index for the â€Å"Material Exclusion† table? Not Used Yes No Customer / Material Customer Group / Material Ship To Location / Material Other: 3. 8 Credit Processing Describe how your credit will be monitored: One department (Credit Control Area) will monitor the credit for all Company Codes. Each Company Code will be monitored by its own department. (Credit Control Area) Other: What categories of risk will you monitor against your customer? Check all that apply. During which stages of the sales cycle will you perform a credit check? In the case of new customers, will orders be accepted if the credit data has not yet been maintained? Do you want the credit check performed during entrance of each line item or only when the document is saved? Is there a maximum value per Credit Control Area that a sales document cannot exceed? Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk List any others: Sales Order Delivery Creation Yes Post Goods Issue (shipment) No Each Line Item Saving of Document only Yes No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 12 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Should a credit check be performed when one of the following critical fields are changed on a Sales Document (Payment Terms, Additional Value Days, Fixed Value Date)? What is your policy when a customer fails credit? Do you block the order? Delivery? Yes No Cannot save Sales Order Save Sales Order but block Delivery document creation Save Sales Order, but block Shipment (Post Goods Issue) Describe others: 3. 9 Serial Numbers Do you have serial numbers for your materials (e. g. , model number)? When do you want the system to assign serial numbers? Do you want the system to assign serial numbers automatically or manually? Sales Order Delivery Creation automatically manually Post Goods Issue 4 Sales 4. 1 Inquiry/Quotation Processes Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. What kind of information is collected for Inquiries? Not Used existing products potential new products qty pricing validity dates delivery schedules Do you currently support quotation processing? What kind of information is collected for quotes: Yes No existing products potential new products qty pricing validity dates delivery schedules Does a quotation apply to one or many one many  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 13 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire customers? Other additional information on Quotation processing: 4. Sales Order Processing How do you receive orders? EDI FAX Phone Do you presently separate your standard orders by any variables (e. g. , document type, sales organization, sales representative)? Do you convert sales orders from inquiries or quotations? What information do you capture on a sales order? How do you determine/select a customer at sales order entry? List the reasons for a Sales order to take place : What reasons would an order or line item be rejected? Does the line item detail of an order vary from line to line? For example, does one line have a different ship-to than the next? Do you send letters of order confirmation? If so, what forms of media do you use? For sales documents, what information do you consider required and would like to appear on an in-completion log if missing? Document Date Purchase Order Number Document Currency Incoterms Material Order Quantity Net Price Plant Shipping Point PO# Sales region manually by number person taking order Additional information: by name  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 14 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Pricing Date Payment Terms Sold-To Party List all others: Would it be valid to â€Å"save† the document if this information is missing? Product Proposals: If a customer routinely orders the same product or group of products, do you have a process that helps you simplify your order entry? If so, how does that process work? For example, do you record the product proposals by Customer, Customer group, or another grouping? Do you have company-defined status codes that are tracked on a sales document? If, so what do these status codes represent? Do you record â€Å"Minimum Delivery Quantity† on your materials? If so, what happens during a sales order if a violation occurs? Do you process backorders? What types of text do you require on your sales documents? Are they required on output? What information fields do you require on your sales order lists? Commitments and checks at order entry: Do you use replenishment lead times to determine availability date at order time?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Nothing Warning Error Yes No Yes No Depends on the Material 15 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Do you include transit time to calculate the delivery date? When you schedule a delivery, how is it specified (Day, Week, Month, Posting Period)? List your sales order types: 4. 3 Scheduling Agreements Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you need to schedule requested deliveries per line item out into the future? Are all customers and sales areas eligible for scheduling agreements? For Scheduling Agreements, is the delivery schedule for serial parts or replacement parts? Do you schedule the requested deliveries by day, week, period, or month? Should an availability check take place for Scheduling Agreements? How often do you receive changes to your delivery schedules? (hourly, daily, weekly) How do you receive the changes (EDI, telephone)? Do you receive Schedule Agreements from External Service Agents or directly from the customer (or both)? Not Used 4. 4 Contracts Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Not Used  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 16 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Do you negotiate contracts to use as a basis for sales orders? Do these contracts contain dates and quantities that must be adhered to? Is a distinct order type needed to indicate that the sales order references a contract? Is an availability check needed? If a contract already exists for a customer, do you want data entry personnel to be notified when a sales document is entered for this customer? Do you offer special prices or discounts for contracts? When a contract is created, do you want to have a follow-up activity automatically created? If so, which type of activity (Sales Call, Telephone Call, Sales Letter)? Are contracts for a set time period or do you offer renewals? Do you offer rental contracts? Do you utilize resource-related billing for contracts? (Periodic or Milestone) invoices are sent periodically payment is expected when major milestones are reached 4. 5 Third Party Orders Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you sell goods that you purchase from a vendor? Are these materials always purchased or just on certain orders? Do competing vendors make competitive bids on purchased products? Do you compare bids by  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 17 Not Used Sales and Distribution Questionnaire price, quantity, quality, or what other criterion? Do you send rejection letters to vendors losing bids? Are quotes selected for purchase order creation? Will shipping notification create expediting documents? Are dunning reminders sent? How long is the wait period? Do goods receipts have storage location determination? Is there blocked stock quality inspection, or other types of received stock? Do you charge third-party accounts right away or make separate postings? Is a 3-way match required to post the invoice? Do you bill the customer for the amount shipped from the vendor? Do you bill the customer after your invoice is received from the vendor? Yes No Yes No 4. 6 Consignment Orders Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you allow customers to keep your material in stock while you retain ownership? Does the customer place the orders for material or do you ship on a regular basis? What method will be used to determine when to bill the customer for consumed material? Not Used  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 18 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire How will you be notified when your customer has sold the product? Are unused or unwanted materials returned to your location from a consignment location? Are customers allowed to place material back into consignment stock after it has been issued? (Consignment Return Delivery Processing) For Consignment orders, is freight charged to the customer or is it a cost that is absorbed by your company? How and at what point in time do you reduce inventory when a customer delivery has been made? 4. 7 Free of Charge Orders On certain types of orders, do you not charge for material? Do these orders require separate order types (for example, samples and donations)? Do they require different account postings? 4. 8 Rush Orders Are there occasions when the delivery should be created as the order is created? Should an availability check take place? Will you price differently for rush orders? 4. 9 Cash Orders Do customers place and pick up orders  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 19 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire at your location and require immediate receipt of a printed invoice? Will you price differently for cash orders? . 10 Credit Card Orders Do you accept credit cards as payment verification when a customer places an order or receives a delivery? 4. 11 Subsequent Free-of-Charge Do you send replacement or add-on materials free-of-charge? Must they reference an existing order? 4. 12 Returnable Packaging Returns Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you give credit if the goods have not been physically returned? Do you accept returns without return goods authorization? What return documents are provided to customers? Do you track packing material at the customer location? (e. g. Skids, containers, etc. ) Do customers notify you when they intend to return the packing material? Do you require an authorization number to accept returned goods at the warehouse? Is a confirmation of receipt required by the customer? Yes No Not Used Yes No Yes No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 20 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire When goods are received, do they require inspection? Yes No 4. 13 Warranties Is warranty tracking a requirement? What materials provide warranty agreements? How is it done today? Automatic or manual? Yes No 4. 14 Royalties or License Fees? Do you use royalties or license fees? How do you track them? How do you pay them (credit note, check. )? 4. 15 Stock Transfer Processing Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. What locations store materials for transfer? Are these multiple stock locations? What type of stock is inventoried? Are you using SAP R/3 Warehouse Management? Do you have special storage conditions for materials? Do you have contracts or open purchase order arrangements for stock transfers? Is stock reserved prior to movement? How can you break the reservation? Do you forecast the expected transfer?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Yes Yes Yes No No No Not Used 21 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Should stock transfers be generated automatically? Is planning done for all materials? Is planning done for an individual material? (MRP Individual MM) Are multiple transfer order types used? What type of transfer is taking place? Will shipping notification create expediting documents? Are dunning reminders sent? If yes, how long is the wait period? Is this a transfer from one storage location to another or from plant to plant? Are shipping papers required? Who will process the delivery due list? How will picking and goods issue be posted? What movement type should be used? How will the transfer appear in the stock balance? Yes No Yes Yes No No 4. 16 Make to Order Production Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. In the production planning process, what is the strategy for consuming inventory? Are the bills of material simple in structure (having one level) or are they complex (having multiple levels)? Do you plan at the top level or at the lower levels? (Processing of Rough-cut  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 22 Not Used Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Planning Profile) What are the assembly steps taken in manufacturing? Routing Processing) Do you have sub-levels in your routings? (Reference Operation Set Processing) With your routings, do you note what may be needed in the assembly process? (Production Resource) Within your routings, are there trigger points within one routing that may setoff other operations? (Standard Trigger Point Processing) How does the product look and act in the sales order process? Do you state how components can be used within the configuration of a product? (Maintenance of Object Dependencies) Does an engineering change affect the configured production that has been ordered but not yet delivered? If so, is this a manual process or automatic and how does that process work? What are the options and features that your products have? (Characteristic Processing) For the features and options of your products, do you group them in any manner? (Class Processing) Do you pass your sales plan to demand management? Do you forecast? For example, history, forecast or formula? (Sales and  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 23 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Operations Planning). Where does the sales forecast come from? 5 Delivery Processing If you have multiple plants, how do you Customer determine what plant a product is Location delivered from? Product Location Do your customers accept partial deliveries? Do your customers allow the combination of multiple orders into single deliveries? Do you check the availability of product during delivery time? Are deliveries created individually or collective? What documents do you use to complete the delivery process, e. g. , picking list, packing list or bill of lading? Do you track Over Delivery or Under Delivery tolerance percentages for your customers? What picking process activities do you perform? How is packing done? Are you currently using any 3rd party software for packing? Do you have material that: Must be Picked Can Be Picked Cannot be Picked Depends on the Material Type Print pick list Picking confirmation Bar code labels requirements Yes Combination Other: No Yes No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 24 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Do you confirm your picking process? Do you have material that: Yes No Must be Packed Can Be Packed Depends on the Material Type Cannot be Packed Depends on the Material Type Are you using bar code labeling? How? Do you have routing (truck stops)? How are freight charges handled? What shipping documents are generated? Is backorder processing supported? How? Do you assign priorities to back orders or is it first-come-first-serve based allotments? Do you have a standard lead time in days for the customers requested delivery date? When you schedule a delivery, is it specified per: Do you allow items to be added to a delivery without inclusion on the Sales Order? If so, what kinds of items? What are the reasons you would ever block a sales document from delivery? For the delivery document, what information do you consider required and would like to appear on an incompletion log if missing? Document Date Purchase Order Number Document Currency Incoterms Pricing Date Payment Terms Sold-To Party Material Order Quantity Net Price Plant Shipping Point List others: Day Week Yes Month Posting Period No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 25 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire What should happen when the Delivery Quantity exceeds the Order Quantity? Nothing Warning Error Depends on the Material Ship Point, Weight Other How do you determine your Pick/Pack time? Not Determined Ship Point, Route, Weight Not Determined Ship Point, Route, Loading Group Not Determined Route Not Determined Route How do you determine your Loading time? Ship Point Other: How do you determine your Transit time? How do you determine your Transportation Lead time? What types of text do you require on your Delivery Documents? Are they required on output? What informational fields do you require on your Delivery Lists? What informational fields do you require on your lists of orders ready for delivery (Delivery Due List)? How and at what point in time do you reduce inventory when a customer delivery has been made? What are your methods for tracking the cost of these materials? Do you ever group deliveries together? Do you require to print Freight Lists by combining deliveries that meet defined criteria? Other: Other: Yes Yes No No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 26 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire 6 Transportation Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you interface to any third party transportation systems? If so, which ones? What carriers do you use for the transportation of goods? Is freight charged to the customers or is it a cost that is absorbed by the company? How do you determine the itinerary for your shipments? Do you have Individual and/or Collective Shipments? Do they use one mode of transport or multiple? What are your methods of shipping? (i. e. Truck, Mail, Train, Sea, etc. ) How are your transportation legs determined? No legs are determined According to departure point and itinerary Prelim. legs according to loading point, final legs according to Shipto point Determine preliminary and final stages by delivery Not Used Yes No Do you use Freight Forwarding Agents? 7 Foreign Trade 7. 1 License Skip this section if you do not utilize  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Not Used 27 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire this functionality. Define your legal regulations for each applicable country? For each legal regulation, define the applicable license types? Is the Export License specific to a certain customer? Is the Export License specific to a certain sales transaction type? Is the Export License specific to a certain type of products? Is the Export License specific to a certain destination country? Is the Export License limited by a dollar amount? Is the Export License limited by a quantity amount? When do you wish to check for the export license? Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Delivery Sales Order Delivery 7. 2 Foreign Trade Reporting What declarations to the authorities must you make? EU: NAFTA: Japan: Switzerlan d: Intrastat AERP Export Yes Extrastat HMF Import Kobra 8 Billing/Invoicing Do you centralize or decentralize invoice processing? Please explain: Frequency of invoice creation:  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. per shipment weekly 28 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire daily monthly Do customers have a predefined time when they receive invoices, billing schedule? Do you consolidate invoices: by order by date by customer ship to Other: Do you split invoices? For example, if a single invoice is for multiple product divisions, will multiple invoices be generated by separating on the divisions? How are the billing documents generated, by delivery document, soldto, or some other variable? What invoice documents are created? Are pro forma invoices required? Printed EDI Other: EDI Fax Do you utilize periodic billing by for rental contract type documents? Periodic allows a specified amount to be billed over a certain time period. Do you utilize milestone billing for make to order type documents? Milestone billing allows you to bill once a certain work level has been reached. 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 29 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire How do you recognize price changes that occur between the Sales Order and Billing time frame? Copy manual changes, re-determine other Copy prices unchanged, redetermine freight charges Re-determine taxes only Re-calculate all prices including tax and freight Other: What are the reasons you would ever block a delivery from creating an invoice? For the billing document, what information do you consider required and would like to appear on an incompletion log if missing? What types of text are required on your billing documents? Are they required on output? What informational fields are required on your billing document lists? What information fields are required on your lists of deliveries due for billing (Billing Due List)? 8. 1 Rebates Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. What % of customers are given rebates? How are rebates calculated? by Material Customer Customer/Material product group O ther: Not Used Is there a time commitment or not? Do you accrue the payment liability? How is payment done? via credit/debit check cut via AP  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 30 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Do you allow partial settlements on the rebates? If so, how often do you reimburse the customer (weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly)? Do you offer Lump Sum rebates (not dependent on sales volume)? 8. 2 Credit/Debit Memo What types of adjustments are made: unit price quantity freight charge adjustment list other reasons for adjustment What adjustment methods are used? Are you able to trace it currently? How are output documents generated? Do your debit and credit memos need to go through an approval process? free standing tied to order/invoice printed faxed 9 Reporting Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. What are the critical reports generated in each of the following areas: Sales order processing: Pricing: Shipping: Billing: What on-line (screen) reports are used for daily work (daily reporting)? What general statistical reports are being used by managers and executives?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 31 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire How often do you update your data for statistical reporting? Do you plan to utilize the Executive Information System? 10 Sales Information System Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Not Used Please mark the Standard Information Structures you will use: Customer (S001) (Sold-To, Sales Org. , Dist. Channel, Division , Material) Sales Office (S002) (Sales Org. , Group, Office, District, Dist. Channel, Division) Sales Organization (S003) (Sales Org. , Dist. Channel, Division, Sales District, Material) Material (S004) (Material, Sales Org. , Dist. Channel) Shipping Point (S005) (Ship Pt. , Route, Fwd. Agent, Dest. Country) Sales Employee (S006) (Employee, Sales Org. , Dist. Channel, Division, Sold-To, Material) Variant Configuration (S128) (Class Type, Material, Int. Characteristic, Characteristic Value, Sales Org. , Dist. Channel, Division, Sold-To, Plant) Will you need to create your own UserDefined Information Structures? If so, what fields will be used as the index key? For your information structures, what time frame should the data be accumulated? For reporting purposes, do you need to combine SAP data with information from a legacy or 3rd party software package? Daily Weekly Monthly Period  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 32 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire What exceptional conditions do you have that you would like to receive warning about (Early Warning System)? Should these exceptional conditions be reported on a periodic basis or run on demand? Should these exceptional conditions be printed out or mailed to an employee’s in-box? Do you need to generate a Sales Plan (Budget)? On what organizational levels do you budget? On what sales figures do you budget (example: quantity, dollar volume, returns)? Do you need to transfer your Sales Plan to Demand Management? Would you like to aggregate statistical information on any sub-totals from your pricing procedure? If you have created any custom business partners, do you need to aggregate statistical information on the new partners? Do you need to perform statistical analysis on Inquiries or Quotes? Do you wish to track service level statistics by comparing requested delivery date with the actual delivery date? Do you need to combine information from multiple applications (i. e. , SD and MM) on a single report?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 33 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire 11 Sales Support System Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you record information on competitors or competitor products? Do you track information on prospective customers? Do you perform the following for a sales promotion? Direct Mailing Address List Other: Not Used Do you perform the following sales activities? Sales Call Telephone Call Sales Letter Other: 12 Sales Commissions If you are calculating sales person commissions, how will you calculate them? How are commissions determined in your company? Is a customer assigned to a specific sales commission object (representative, district, etc), or are commissions determined at an order level? Not Using Sales Information System Rebate Partial Settlement functionality Other: Customer specific Customer / Material specific Order specific Other: 3 Electronic Data Interchange Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. What 3rd party translator do you plan to Not Used  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 34 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire use? Which data format will you use? ANSI EDIFACT What inbound messages would you like to use? Request for quote Purchase Order Purchase order change request What output messages would you like to use? Quote P urchase Order acknowledgment PO change acknowledgment ODETTE VDA Planning schedule w/ release capability Shipping Schedule (call-off) Dispatch Advice Delivery note Invoice 4 Data Transfer Do you require to transfer your open orders from your legacy system? Identify the file structure of open orders on your legacy system. Do you require transfer of your current prices from your legacy system? Identify the file structure of prices on your legacy system. Yes No Yes No 15 Service Management Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you serialize products that need to be tracked after the delivery? Do you plan to record individual data for each piece of equipment (for these serialized products)?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Not Used 35 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire For example, tracking maintenance and service activities and scheduling maintenance visits. Do you schedule the installation and dismantling of equipment at a customer site? Do you need to track any permits related to the service of the product? Will you use external or internal numbering for serial numbers? At what point do you want to assign serial numbers (e. g. , picking time)? Do you need to track any special tools, such as calibration equipment, and plan for their use? Do you grant a warranty for certain products? Do you check the warranty to see what services the customer is entitled to? Do you place serialized products on a service contract? Is there periodic billing associated with these contracts? Are there follow-up activities that need to be done on a service contract? Do you have standard task lists (steps that need to be performed) when a product is serviced? Do you need to track the reason for service calls in both code and text format? Do you need to track the resources used to service a product? (Resources Yes No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 36 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire include labor and material. ) Do you need to perform planning for these services? Do you need to settle the cost of a service order to a work center, general ledger account or other cost object such as a service contract? Do you need to bill the customer for the resources used during service of the product? Should this invoice consider warranties? Are there contractual price agreements? 16 Recap Identity any major areas of your business which have not been addressed in this questionnaire.  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 37

Cardiovascular system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cardiovascular system - Essay Example Demonstrate the adaptability of the cardiovascular system to autoregulate to two different, stressful conditions (1. Max test 2. Steady state exercise at 65% maximum oxygen level). Explain in detail how the different cardiovascular components such as heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total pulmonary resistance, stroke volume and blood flow, respond to these stressful conditions. Explain in detail the physiological mechanisms responsible for the changes observed.The cardiovascular system has the capabilities to adapt to a number of external factors. An example of the cardiovascular system’s ability to adapt is seen in response to a max test. This test measures the volume of oxygen in the blood that the body uses in one minute of maximal exercise. A stationary exercise machine is used when administering the test. The first-minute interval is done at a very easy level. As each minute passes the levels become increasingly more difficult until you reach a levels when you can no longer continue. The max test requires you to wear a mask and to breathe through your mouth. The mask is connected to an analyzer that looks at the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the exhaled gas. You are also hooked up to a heart monitor. Using the information gathered you could figure out your cardiovascular fitness and define your maximum aerobic power.The max test causes an increase in heart rate, because there is an increased need by your muscles for oxygenated blood ... stroke volume in this case would decrease due to the fact that the peripheral vessels, which have higher pressures, increases. The increased heart rate causes the ventricles to not fill as full, thus lowering the volume pumped out of the ventricles by each contraction. The final stage of the max test is anaerobic. This stage looks at how quickly the body can remove the lactic acid. The increased heart rate helps in the removal of lactic acid. If you have crossed this threshold you will be prematurely fatigued and may feel your muscles burn. Toga et al. states that "during hypoxia, the total" pulmonary "resistance decreased with increased blood flow" (Effects of hypoxia, 1998, 1003). Steady state exercise is different from the max text, because it does not increase in intervals. In the steady state test you also have the increase in systolic blood pressure, but there is no dramatic increase in diastolic blood pressure. When steady state exercise has been done over time the effects are a minimal change in blood pressure and a higher red blood cell count (blood is more easily saturated with oxygen). Once finished with steady state exercise the systolic blood pressure will drop to below normal levels for a brief period of time. Steady state exercise, when done on a regular basis, will decrease heart rate. A decrease in heart rate will allow the ventricles more time to fill. . Stroke volume is the volume of blood in the ventricles during diastole minus the volume of blood in the ventricles during systole of the same heartbeat. If the heart rate is slower it allows for more filling of the ventricles hence a larger stroke volume. There are other factors that also contribute to these different cardiovascular components. Khaksari et al.

E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E-commerce - Essay Example An online portal is built to take advantage of an online publicity platform. With the intention to perform that, the majority thriving portals support website registered and unregistered users in a different way. Hence portal contribution to websites produces importance from both the customer’s perspective and the supporters. In this scenario, customers disburse not through cash (entire web-site material is open) however through details and the time. Additionally, they spend their precious time visiting website pages, electronic mails and RSS feeds, therefore generating publicity record which could be utilized to trade the contributor’s business products (inside publicity) and/or advertised to 3rd party (business outside publicity) on the basis of a CPM (cost per minute), CPC (cost per click) or CPA (cost per action) mechanism. For instance, a well-known web portal Yahoo.com is one of the huge web surfing and information gateways. The web site material/content is organi zed from external supplies however identified with the Yahoo! title (e.g., Yahoo! Cars, Yahoo! Shows, Yahoo! Horoscopes, and Yahoo! Tourism. Moreover, these web portals derive profits from publicity and finances (Zarem, 2011). Auction sites The second model that I have chosen is about Auction sites. In this scenario, Ebay is a well-known Auction site. These auctions sites use many-to-many business model for generating profits. In addition, Elance is an additional high-quality instance of a flourishing many-to-many business model. It connects freelancers with their users/clients. In this way, both providers (freelancers) and clients communicate over a web technology based group of people (Starak, 2011). Moreover, it seems that more than 100,000 persons at the moment perform eBay businesses activities to earn a good share. Ebay posted an ad to offer a course to study how to establish an eBay business proficiently. Thus, that advertisement is attracting additional sellers and additiona l purchasers to eBay business. It is open TV publicity for eBay business performance (Starak, 2011). Dynamic Pricing Model A dynamic pricing business model engages changeable costs of business products or services on the basis of identifiers for instance flavor, accessibility and manufacturing costs. Additionally, this model was established by a famous airline company and it is currently utilized by more productions, comprising selling stores, as per stated by Virginia Commonwealth University. In addition, dynamic pricing model facilitates traders to adapt their advertising or records to their users, possibly making it hard ever as compared to a fixed-price model. So providing what users/consumers need at a particular cost they are prepared to disburse at that explicit time lessens consumption of business resources as well as, consequently, some sort of overhead (Fraser, 2011). B2B Exchange With the appearance of the web based technology like internet as an innovative technique of p erforming business activities and operations arrive an overflow of capitalists with massive useful thoughts for the upcoming period. A lot of these capitalists determined to spend inside the plan of the B2B sharing. Fundamentally, these distributions were only the web-sites somewhere